Patient Data Exhibits The healthcare provider (HCP) would like to do a thoracentesis on the client. The client's caregiver asks the nurse if there are any contraindications for the procedure. Performing a thoracentesis is contraindicated in which clinical manifestation (s)? Select all that apply.

Rationale: A. Unstable hemodynamics: Performing a thoracentesis in a client with unstable blood pressure or cardiac output increases the risk of circulatory collapse. Fluid removal can further compromise venous return and perfusion, making hemodynamic stability a critical prerequisite for the procedure. B. Coagulation deficiencies: Clients with coagulopathies, such as low platelet counts or elevated INR, face a high risk of bleeding into the pleural space or chest wall during thoracentesis. Correction of clotting abnormalities is necessary before proceeding to prevent hemothorax or uncontrolled bleeding. C. Hypertension: Elevated blood pressure alone is not a contraindication for thoracentesis. It may require monitoring and control, but it does not inherently increase procedural risk unless accompanied by other cardiovascular instability. D. Mechanical ventilation required: Clients on mechanical ventilation can safely undergo thoracentesis when carefully monitored, although it requires expert technique to prevent pneumothorax. The need for mechanical ventilation is not an absolute contraindication. E. Tracheal deviation: Tracheal deviation is often a sign of mediastinal shift or large pleural effusion, not a reason to avoid thoracentesis. In fact, the procedure may help relieve pressure by removing excess pleural fluid. F. Infection is incorrect because systemic infection alone is not a strict contraindication; however, infection at the puncture site would be a concern, but this option is too general.