Preventative therapy for cluster headaches includes all of the following. SELECT THREE
Explanation & Rationale
A. Lithium (Lithobid): Lithium is effective in preventing chronic cluster headaches by modulating neurotransmitter pathways, including serotonin and circadian rhythm regulation. It is commonly used in patients who have frequent or refractory cluster headache attacks. B. Warfarin (Coumadin): Warfarin is an anticoagulant used to prevent thromboembolic events. It has no role in the prophylaxis of cluster headaches and does not affect the pathophysiology of trigeminal-autonomic cephalalgias. C. Tramadol (Ultram): While primarily an analgesic for acute pain, low-dose tramadol can sometimes be used off-label in cluster headache prevention for short-term relief. Its role is limited and adjunctive rather than primary therapy. D. Galcanezumab-gnlm (Emgality): Galcanezumab, a monoclonal antibody targeting calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), is FDA-approved for the prevention of cluster headaches. It reduces attack frequency by interfering with CGRP-mediated neurovascular inflammation.