(Select All that Apply.) The nurse is caring for a woman who gave birth to a preterm infant. The nurse is aware that what are possible causes of preterm delivery? (Select the 3 correct answers.)

Choice A rationale Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a risk factor for preterm delivery, particularly due to the potential for polyhydramnios (excessive amniotic fluid). Polyhydramnios causes overdistention of the uterus, which can lead to premature uterine contractions and rupture of membranes, initiating the labor process before full term. Therefore, GDM's complications can predispose a woman to deliver preterm. Choice B rationale Pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH), including preeclampsia, is a major cause of iatrogenic preterm delivery. Due to the associated placental insufficiency, fetal compromise (e.g., intrauterine growth restriction), and risks to maternal health (e.g., seizures, stroke), healthcare providers often necessitate an elective induction or cesarean section before 37 weeks to safeguard both mother and fetus. Choice C rationale Chloasma, or the "mask of pregnancy," is a common, benign skin condition characterized by darkening of facial pigmentation, primarily due to hormonal changes (estrogen and progesterone). It is a physiological change of pregnancy and is not associated with the underlying pathology, mechanisms, or risks that precipitate preterm birth; thus, it is not considered a cause. Choice D rationale Placenta previa, where the placenta partially or completely covers the internal cervical os, is a known risk factor for preterm delivery. The condition often presents with painless vaginal bleeding, and this bleeding, or the associated risk of hemorrhage, may necessitate an early delivery (iatrogenic preterm birth) to prevent severe maternal or fetal complications. Choice E rationale Hyperemesis gravidarum (HG) is characterized by severe, persistent nausea and vomiting during pregnancy, often leading to weight loss, dehydration, and nutritional deficiencies. While concerning for maternal well-being, current scientific literature generally does not identify HG as a significant or independent cause of spontaneous preterm delivery. It is not one of the primary, established obstetrical risk factors.