Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) involves which defects? Select all that apply.
Explanation & Rationale
A. Right ventricular hypertrophy is part of the pathophysiology of TOF, resulting from the increased workload on the right ventricle due to pulmonary stenosis. B. Left ventricular hypertrophy is not part of TOF; the condition primarily affects the right ventricle. C. Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is not a characteristic of TOF, although it may be present in some cases, it's not part of the primary defects. D. Ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a primary defect in TOF, which allows blood to mix between the left and right ventricles. E. Pulmonary stenosis (PS) is a key feature of TOF, causing right-sided obstruction. F. Overriding aorta occurs when the aorta is positioned directly over the VSD, receiving blood from both the right and left ventricles.