The forward effects in a patient with left ventricular heart failure include (Select all that apply)

Choice A reason: Oliguria is not a forward effect of left ventricular heart failure. It is a backward effect that occurs due to reduced renal perfusion and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Choice B reason: Increased heart rate is a forward effect of left ventricular heart failure. It is a compensatory mechanism that occurs due to reduced cardiac output and sympathetic stimulation. Choice C reason: Wet cough is a forward effect of left ventricular heart failure. It is a sign of pulmonary congestion and edema that result from increased pressure in the pulmonary veins and capillaries. Choice D reason: Confusion is not a forward effect of left ventricular heart failure. It is a backward effect that occurs due to reduced cerebral perfusion and hypoxia. Choice E reason: Jugular venous distention is not a forward effect of left ventricular heart failure. It is a backward effect that occurs due to increased pressure in the right atrium and vena cava.