The mother of a 9-year-old-boy explains to the PMHNP that he has a 6-month history of excessive eye blinking and grunting, and he recently began persistently clearing his throat. Assessment of co-occurring conditions is important for understanding the overall functional consequences of tics. Which of the following conditions has been associated with tic disorders?

Choice A reason: Tic disorders, including Tourette syndrome, are frequently comorbid with obsessive-compulsive and related disorders, which can significantly affect functioning and require integrated management. Choice B reason: While tics may occasionally occur in autism spectrum disorder, the primary association and most common comorbidity are obsessive-compulsive disorders rather than autism. Choice C reason: Global developmental delay is not typically linked to tic disorders, as tics generally occur in children with otherwise normal development. Choice D reason: Intellectual disability is not commonly associated with tic disorders, as most children with tics have normal cognitive function.