The nurse admits a client with acute pancreatitis accompanied by biliary dysfunction. The nurse reviews the client's lab values. Which findings are anticipated? Select all that apply.

Rationale: A. Lipase is a pancreas-specific enzyme that rises in response to pancreatic inflammation. In acute pancreatitis, lipase levels typically increase within 4–8 hours of symptom onset, peak at 24 hours, and remain elevated longer than amylase, sometimes for up to 1–2 weeks. Even a mild elevation above the normal range is clinically significant and supports the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis. B. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is an enzyme found in the liver, bile ducts, and bone. In pancreatitis accompanied by biliary obstruction (such as gallstone-induced pancreatitis), ALP rises due to cholestasis—impaired bile flow from the liver to the duodenum. Elevated ALP helps distinguish biliary pancreatitis from other causes of pancreatitis, such as alcohol-induced or idiopathic forms, where ALP may remain normal. C. ALT is a liver enzyme indicative of hepatocellular injury. While ALT may rise in biliary obstruction, it can also remain within normal limits, as in this case. A normal ALT does not exclude biliary pancreatitis, especially if ALP and bilirubin are elevated, highlighting the importance of interpreting lab values in combination with clinical findings. D. Amylase is an enzyme secreted by the pancreas to digest carbohydrates. In acute pancreatitis, amylase rises rapidly within hours of symptom onset, usually peaking at 24 hours, and typically remains elevated for 3–5 days. Levels 2–5 times the normal range, as seen in this client, are consistent with acute pancreatitis. Because amylase can also rise in other abdominal conditions (e.g., perforated ulcer, renal failure), lipase is more specific, but both enzymes are considered in the diagnosis. E. Total bilirubin rises when bile flow is obstructed, as occurs with gallstones or biliary sludge in biliary pancreatitis. Hyperbilirubinemia can present clinically as jaundice, including yellowing of the skin and sclera. Elevated bilirubin, along with elevated ALP, supports the diagnosis of biliary obstruction contributing to acute pancreatitis.