The nurse assesses for evidence of negative symptoms of schizophrenia in a newly admitted client. Which of the following symptoms are considered negative symptoms of schizophrenia? Select all that apply.

Choice A reason: Delusions and hallucinations are positive symptoms of schizophrenia. They reflect an excess or distortion of normal functions, such as false beliefs or sensory perceptions, and are not classified as negative symptoms. Choice B reason: Anhedonia, the inability to experience pleasure, is a classic negative symptom. It reflects a deficit in emotional responsiveness and motivation, commonly seen in schizophrenia. Choice C reason: Flat affect and depressed mood are negative symptoms. Flat affect refers to diminished emotional expression, while depressed mood may overlap with affective symptoms but is often present in the negative symptom cluster. Choice D reason: Social withdrawal or lack of capacity for social interaction is a negative symptom. It reflects impaired interpersonal functioning and reduced desire or ability to engage with others. Choice E reason: Avolition, or lack of motivation to initiate and sustain goal-directed activities, is a core negative symptom. It contributes to functional impairment and poor adherence to treatment or self-care.