The nurse assessing the patient with increased intracranial pressure (ICP) understands which factors are associated with increased ICP (Select all that apply)

A. Increased bone tissue: Skull bones in adults are rigid and do not increase in mass; changes in bone tissue are not a factor in acute increases in intracranial pressure. The cranial vault’s rigidity limits compensation for added volume. B. Increased cerebral blood volume: Elevations in cerebral blood volume from vasodilation, hypercapnia, or impaired venous outflow can raise intracranial pressure. Vascular engorgement contributes directly to volume expansion within the fixed cranial space. C. Increased systemic blood volume: Overall systemic blood volume does not directly impact intracranial pressure unless it affects cerebral perfusion or leads to increased cerebral blood volume. Systemic volume alone is not a primary determinant of ICP. D. Increased cerebrospinal fluid (CSF): Accumulation of CSF due to overproduction, impaired absorption, or obstructed flow increases intracranial pressure. Hydrocephalus is a common example of CSF-related ICP elevation. E. Increased brain volume: Brain tissue swelling from edema, trauma, hemorrhage, or tumors increases intracranial pressure by occupying space within the fixed cranial vault. Edematous tissue directly contributes to elevated ICP.