The nurse begins a client's musculoskeletal assessment. While using the technique of inspection, the nurse assesses for which possible finding(s)? Select all that apply.

Rationale: A. Contracture: Contractures, which are the permanent tightening of muscles, tendons, or ligaments, can be identified visually through inspection. The nurse may notice abnormal positioning of joints or decreased range of motion, indicating underlying musculoskeletal abnormalities. B. Crepitus: Crepitus refers to a crackling or grating sound felt or heard during joint movement and is best assessed through palpation or auscultation, not inspection. The nurse must touch or listen to the joint to detect crepitus, making it unsuitable for assessment by inspection alone. C. Osteopenia: Osteopenia is a reduction in bone mineral density that is diagnosed through specialized imaging tests like dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scans. It is not visible during physical inspection, as bone density changes do not produce obvious external signs without significant fractures. D. Atrophy: Muscle atrophy, which is the wasting or loss of muscle mass, can be visually identified through inspection. The nurse may observe a noticeable decrease in muscle bulk compared to the opposite side or to expected norms, indicating disuse or neurologic impairment. E. Kyphosis: Kyphosis, an exaggerated outward curvature of the thoracic spine, can be detected through inspection by observing the client’s posture and spinal alignment. Visual clues such as a hunchback appearance or forward stooping posture are hallmark signs noted during inspection.