The nurse begins a client's musculoskeletal assessment. While using the technique of inspection, the nurse assesses for which possible findings? Select all that apply.

A. Osteopenia refers to decreased bone density, which is often noted on X-ray or bone mineral density tests rather than through direct visual inspection. However, the nurse may observe signs of frailty or changes in posture that could suggest underlying osteopenia. B. Contractures, which are abnormal shortening of muscles or tendons leading to limited joint mobility, are often detectable through inspection. The nurse may observe deformities or restricted movement in the joints, especially in patients with neurological or musculoskeletal disorders. C. Muscle atrophy, or the wasting away of muscle tissue, can be observed during inspection. The nurse may note reduced muscle bulk or asymmetry in muscle size, which is a sign of muscle wasting. D. Kyphosis, an abnormal curvature of the spine resulting in a hunchback appearance, can be easily observed during inspection of the client’s posture. This condition is common in older adults and may indicate musculoskeletal or age-related changes. E. Crepitus refers to the grinding or popping sounds felt or heard when moving joints. While crepitus is assessed by palpation or auscultation rather than visual inspection, the nurse may note joint deformities that suggest the presence of crepitus.