The nurse is assessing a client diagnosed with ventricular septal defect (VSD), the nurse is aware that many infants with these conditions also receive a diagnosis of which of the following?

A. Turner syndrome is a chromosomal disorder affecting females and does not typically coincide with VSD. B. Trisomy 18 (also called Edwards syndrome) is a chromosomal disorder that often presents with congenital heart defects, including VSD. C. Spina bifida is a neural tube defect and is not directly related to VSD. D. Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome) may have congenital heart defects but is not specifically associated with VSD as commonly as trisomy 18.