The nurse is caring for a client with a stage 4 pressure wound of the buttocks. What interventions should be included in the plan of care? Select all that apply.

A. Keep client free of moisture and friction: Excess moisture from incontinence, perspiration, or wound exudate can macerate the surrounding skin, weakening its integrity and increasing the risk of further tissue breakdown. Minimizing friction and shear forces during transfers and repositioning prevents additional damage to already compromised tissue. B. Apply a heating pad to the wound: Applying heat directly to a stage 4 pressure wound is contraindicated. Heat can increase local tissue metabolism and oxygen demand, potentially worsening ischemia, promoting bacterial growth, and delaying healing. Wound care should focus on maintaining a controlled, moist healing environment without additional thermal stress. C. Massage the margins of the wound: Massaging the edges or surrounding tissue of a pressure injury can cause further tissue damage and disrupt fragile capillaries. For stage 4 wounds, the tissue is already compromised, and massage increases the risk of bleeding, pain, and infection, making this intervention unsafe. D. Reposition the client frequently: Frequent repositioning, every 2 hours or according to facility protocol, relieves prolonged pressure on bony prominences and promotes tissue perfusion. Proper repositioning techniques, combined with support surfaces such as specialized mattresses or cushions, reduce further ischemic injury and facilitate the healing environment. E. Incorporate protein in the diet: Adequate protein intake is essential for wound healing because it supports collagen synthesis, tissue repair, and immune function. Clients with stage 4 pressure injuries have high metabolic demands and protein-energy needs, making dietary protein a critical component of the plan of care to enhance tissue regeneration.