The nurse is caring for a client with type 1 diabetes mellitus. The nurse notes that which of the following are signs of hyperglycemia?

A. Polyuria is a classic sign of hyperglycemia. When blood glucose levels are high, the kidneys attempt to excrete the excess glucose through urine, leading to increased urinary output. This process also contributes to dehydration and other symptoms such as polydipsia. Recognizing polyuria helps the nurse identify worsening glucose control in a client with type 1 diabetes. B. Shakiness is typically a symptom of hypoglycemia, not hyperglycemia. It occurs when blood glucose levels drop too low, causing the body to release epinephrine, which leads to tremors, sweating, and irritability. C. Pallor is more closely associated with hypoglycemia, decreased perfusion, or shock. It is not a characteristic sign of hyperglycemia. D. While anxiety can occur in many conditions, it is most commonly linked with hypoglycemia, when the body mounts an adrenergic response due to rapidly falling glucose levels. Anxiety alone is not considered a primary indicator of hyperglycemia.