The nurse is caring for a patient who has a chest tube. Attached to the top of the patient's bed are two hemostats. In which situations would these be used? (Select all that apply.)

A. Hemostats can be used to temporarily clamp a chest tube under the direction of a physician to determine if the patient can tolerate tube removal. This allows the nurse and provider to assess lung expansion and drainage stability before permanently removing the tube. B. Hemostats are not used for routine emptying or changing of drainage systems. Modern disposable chest tube systems are designed to be changed without clamping, minimizing risk of tension pneumothorax or lung collapse. C. Clamping a chest tube is not necessary to auscultate lung sounds, and doing so without indication can be dangerous. Lung sounds can be assessed safely while the chest tube remains patent. D. Air leaks are typically assessed by observing bubbling in the water-seal chamber, not by clamping the tube. Clamping to check for air leaks can cause tension pneumothorax if left in place too long. E. In an emergency situation, such as if the chest tube becomes disconnected from the drainage system, hemostats can be temporarily applied to the tube to prevent air from entering the pleural space. This is a temporary, life-saving measure until the tube can be reconnected or the system replaced.