The nurse is planning to teach the patient with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) about foods or beverages that decrease lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure. What should be included in this list (select all that apply)?

1. Alcohol: Alcohol can relax the LES, leading to increased reflux symptoms. 2. Chocolate: Chocolate contains compounds that can relax the LES and contribute to reflux symptoms. 3. Peppermint: Peppermint, including peppermint oil and peppermint-flavored foods, can relax the LES and worsen reflux symptoms. 4. Citrus fruits: Citrus fruits and juices, such as oranges, grapefruits, and lemons, are acidic and can irritate the esophagus, exacerbating GERD symptoms. 5. Cola sodas: Cola sodas, including both regular and diet varieties, can contribute to reflux symptoms due to their carbonation and acidic content. 6. Fatty foods: High-fat foods, such as fried foods, fatty meats, and full-fat dairy products, can delay stomach emptying and increase pressure on the LES, leading to reflux.