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    Pharmacology Exam Proctored Exam
    Select All That Apply

    The nurse is providing teaching to a client who will be taking nitrate drugs for angina. Which of the following statements indicate that the teaching was effective (Select all that apply)

    Explanation & Rationale

    A. Sublingual nitroglycerin must not be swallowed because it undergoes extensive first-pass metabolism in the liver, which renders the medication nearly inactive before it can reach the systemic circulation. Swallowing the pill prevents the rapid absorption through the oral mucosa required to alleviate acute anginal chest pain effectively. B. Isosorbide mononitrate or dinitrate are long-acting nitrates intended for the prophylaxis of angina rather than acute symptom relief. Taking these medications at the same time every day ensures therapeutic serum levels are maintained, although a nitrate-free interval is usually programmed into the schedule to prevent pharmacological tolerance. C. Nitroglycerin is a highly volatile and light-sensitive chemical compound that degrades rapidly when exposed to heat, moisture, or light. Storing pills in a plastic bag in a warm pocket will neutralize the medication; it must always be kept in its original, dark glass bottle with a tight-metal cap. D. Headaches are the most frequent adverse effect of nitrate therapy due to the dilation of cerebral blood vessels. This symptom often diminishes as the patient develops a tolerance to the medication, but in the interim, taking acetaminophen is an appropriate and effective nursing-approved intervention for pain management. E. For acute angina, the standard protocol involves taking one sublingual tablet at the onset of pain. If symptoms persist after 5 minutes, the patient should call emergency services and may take up to 2 additional doses at 5-minute intervals, totaling 3 doses, to promote maximum coronary vasodilation.

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