The nurse understands that the stress of critical illness may result in which of the following?

A. Excess glucose in the circulating blood: Critical illness triggers a stress response, releasing cortisol, catecholamines, and glucagon, which increase gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis. This results in hyperglycemia, even in patients without preexisting diabetes, as part of the body’s attempt to provide energy for vital organs. B. Decrease glucose in the circulating blood: Glucose levels typically rise rather than fall during stress due to hormonal responses. Hypoglycemia is uncommon unless there is underlying metabolic dysfunction or prolonged fasting. C. Homeostasis is maintained: Critical illness disrupts normal homeostasis, including fluid balance, electrolytes, and glucose regulation. The stress response temporarily shifts the body away from baseline equilibrium to meet increased metabolic demands. D. Negative feedback system is reversed: Negative feedback mechanisms remain functional but may be overridden or insufficient during critical illness. Hormonal stress responses temporarily prioritize survival, rather than reversing feedback loops.