The nurse understands the cardinal features of acute kidney injury (AKI) are (Select all some, or one)

A. Uremia and fatigue: Accumulation of nitrogenous waste products in the blood (uremia) leads to symptoms such as fatigue, nausea, and malaise. These are hallmark clinical features of acute kidney injury (AKI) and reflect impaired renal excretory function. B. Post renal: Post-renal causes refer to obstruction of urine flow, which is an etiology of AKI rather than a cardinal feature. While important for classification, it does not describe the presenting clinical signs. C. Increase in urine output: Many cases of AKI present with oliguria or anuria rather than increased urine output. Polyuria may occur in the recovery phase but is not a primary diagnostic feature. D. Azotemia and oliguria: Elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (azotemia) along with reduced urine output (oliguria) are classic features of AKI. They indicate impaired filtration and excretion of waste products. E. Intrarenal: Intrarenal refers to damage within the kidney itself and is a cause of AKI rather than a cardinal feature. Structural or functional renal injury underlies intrarenal AKI. F. Decreased glomerular filtration: Reduced glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is a central pathophysiological hallmark of AKI. It directly contributes to azotemia, fluid retention, and electrolyte imbalances seen in affected patients.