The Transactional Theory of Stress and Coping emphasizes:

A. Stress responses are not predetermined; they are influenced by an individual’s perception and interaction with their environment. B. The relationship between an individual and their environment and determining the stress response is: This theory, developed by Lazarus and Folkman, views stress as a result of how individuals appraise and cope with environmental demands. C. Coping mechanisms are not universal; they vary widely depending on individual experiences, resources, and perceptions. D. Stress is influenced by many factors, not just genetics; environment and perception play critical roles.