There are μ-opioid antagonists that hypothetically block the euphoria and "high" of heavy drinking. Which of the following medications are μ-opioid antagonists?
Explanation & Rationale
A. Methylate: Methylate is a chemical term referring to the addition of a methyl group and is not a pharmacologic opioid antagonist. It does not block μ-opioid receptors or reduce alcohol-related euphoria. B. Naltrexone: Naltrexone is a competitive μ-opioid receptor antagonist. By blocking opioid receptors, it reduces the reinforcing pleasurable effects of alcohol, helping to prevent relapse in individuals with alcohol use disorder. C. Nalmefene: Nalmefene is another μ-opioid receptor antagonist similar to naltrexone. It decreases alcohol-induced euphoria and can support reduction of alcohol consumption in patients with alcohol use disorder. D. Carboxin: Carboxin is a fungicide and has no activity at μ-opioid receptors. It is not used in the treatment of alcohol use disorder or any opioid-related condition.