What is the normal value for central venous pressure?

A. 2–6 mm Hg: Normal central venous pressure reflects right atrial pressure and venous return to the heart. Values between 2 and 6 mm Hg indicate adequate circulating volume and right ventricular function. This range is commonly accepted as normal in adults. B. 12 mm Hg: A CVP of 12 mm Hg suggests increased intravascular volume or right-sided cardiac dysfunction. Such a value may be seen in fluid overload, heart failure, or pulmonary hypertension. It exceeds the normal reference range. C. 10 mm Hg: A CVP of 10 mm Hg is higher than normal and may indicate volume overload or impaired right ventricular filling. This level warrants further assessment rather than being considered normal. D. 15 mm Hg: A CVP of 15 mm Hg indicates significantly elevated right atrial pressure. This finding is associated with severe fluid overload or cardiac compromise. It is well above normal values.