When assessing the tongue of an adult, which of the following would be an abnormal finding?

The dorsal surface of the tongue is normally covered in keratinized papillae which provide a rough, pinkish texture. A smooth, glossy appearance suggests atrophic glossitis, often resulting from deficiencies in Vitamin B12, folate, or iron. This loss of filiform papillae compromises the protective barrier and gustatory function. Mucosal inflammation often accompanies this finding. A. Smooth glossy dorsal surface: A tongue that appears slick and shiny indicates the denudation of the normal papillae. This is an abnormal finding frequently associated with nutritional anemias or systemic inflammatory conditions. A healthy tongue should have a slightly rough, "velvety" texture rather than a polished appearance. B. Moist over the tongue: Adequate hydration and healthy salivary gland function ensure that the oral mucosa remains moist. Saliva is essential for antimicrobial defense and enzymatic digestion. A moist tongue is a standard, expected finding; a dry tongue would indicate xerostomia or significant dehydration. C. Visible sublingual venous patterns: The ventral surface of the tongue is thin and highly vascular. Observing prominent venous patterns under the tongue is a normal anatomical finding, especially as individuals age and tissues become thinner. It does not indicate pathology in the absence of varicosities or lesions. D. Papillae on the dorsal surface: The presence of filiform, fungiform, and circumvallate papillae is the normal anatomical state of the tongue. These structures contain taste buds and provide the friction necessary for manipulating food. Their presence confirms the health of the lingual epithelium.