Where should the advanced practice registered nurse (APRN) examine for kidney tenderness?

A. Suprapubic area is incorrect because this region is located just above the bladder. Tenderness here usually indicates bladder pathology, such as cystitis, bladder distention, or other lower urinary tract issues, rather than kidney problems. While suprapubic pain may coexist with kidney disease if infection spreads, it does not reliably indicate renal tenderness. B. Periumbilical area is incorrect because this area surrounds the navel and is typically evaluated for abdominal and gastrointestinal conditions such as early appendicitis, bowel obstruction, or gastroenteritis. Kidney pain originates higher in the back, near the costovertebral angle, and periumbilical assessment does not provide information about renal involvement. C. Costovertebral angle is correct because the costovertebral angle (CVA) is located at the junction of the 12th rib and the vertebral column on each side of the back. It is the standard anatomical landmark for assessing kidney tenderness. The APRN typically uses percussion (CVA punch) or gentle palpation to evaluate for pain. Tenderness in this area is associated with upper urinary tract conditions such as pyelonephritis, renal calculi, or hydronephrosis. CVA tenderness helps distinguish kidney pathology from lower urinary tract or abdominal causes. D. Epigastric area is incorrect because this area is located just above the stomach and below the sternum, and it is assessed for gastric, pancreatic, cardiac, or hepatobiliary issues, not kidney disease. Tenderness in the epigastric region does not provide information about renal function or pathology.