Which age-related changes affect hydration status? (Select all that apply.)
Explanation & Rationale
A. Decrease in thirst sensation: Older adults often have a diminished thirst response, which puts them at higher risk for dehydration. B. Decrease in bone marrow mass: This is not directly related to hydration status. Bone marrow mass decline is more related to hematopoiesis and immune function. C. Medications: Many medications (e.g., diuretics, laxatives, antihypertensives) commonly taken by older adults can increase fluid loss or impair fluid balance. D. Decrease in ability of kidneys to maximally concentrate urine (Creatinine clearance declines): Kidney function declines with age, reducing the kidneys' ability to conserve water and concentrate urine, leading to greater risk of dehydration. E. Decrease in bladder capacity: While this affects urinary frequency, it doesn't directly reduce hydration status unless the patient restricts fluid intake to avoid frequent urination. F. Functional impairment: Limited mobility or cognitive impairment may prevent older adults from accessing fluids or remembering to drink. G. Decrease in total body water: With age, lean body mass and total body water decrease, making older adults more susceptible to dehydration.