Which cause of pediatric enuresis must be ruled out before psychological causes are investigated? Select all that apply.
Explanation & Rationale
A. Small bladder capacity can contribute to enuresis but may not need to be ruled out before addressing psychological factors. B. Urinary tract infections can cause enuresis and should be evaluated and treated before investigating psychological causes. C. Stress incontinence typically refers to the involuntary loss of urine due to pressure and may be a psychological factor rather than a physiological cause. D. Regression can be a behavioral response but is not a medical cause that needs to be ruled out. E. Cognitive dysfunction can contribute to enuresis but is not primarily a medical cause that needs to be ruled out. F. Diabetes mellitus can lead to increased urination (polyuria) and should be evaluated as a potential medical cause before considering psychological factors.