Which findings may indicate a patient is a victim of human trafficking? (Select all that apply.)

A. The patient has no identification: Lack of identification can be a red flag for human trafficking, as traffickers often withhold legal documents to control victims and limit their autonomy. This makes it difficult for the patient to access services or leave the situation. B. The patient has limited English proficiency: Limited English proficiency alone is not a definitive indicator of trafficking, as it may reflect language barriers rather than coercion or exploitation. While it can complicate communication, it does not necessarily signify trafficking. C. A companion insists on answering all questions: When someone consistently speaks for the patient, it may indicate coercion or control, a hallmark of trafficking. This prevents the healthcare provider from obtaining accurate information and assessing the patient’s safety. D. The patient avoids eye contact: Avoiding eye contact can reflect fear, anxiety, or intimidation, which are common in victims of trafficking. It may signal discomfort in disclosing personal information or distrust of authority figures. E. The patient refuses to discuss their work or living situation: Reluctance to discuss work or living conditions may indicate that the patient is being controlled or exploited. Victims often avoid sharing details due to fear of repercussions from traffickers.