Which model of care should the nurse anticipate introducing for a client and infant when the client has an active diagnosis of substance use disorder (SUD) to promote optimal maternal–infant bonding?

Rationale: A. While some newborns with mild symptoms may remain in the well-baby nursery, this setting does not specifically address withdrawal management or bonding support for infants affected by maternal substance use. B. Child protective services may be involved when safety concerns exist, but their focus is on legal and protective actions, not on promoting maternal–infant bonding or managing neonatal abstinence symptoms. C. NICU care is necessary for infants with severe withdrawal or medical instability, but routine NICU admission can interfere with bonding and increase maternal stress when not medically required. D. This model prioritizes nonpharmacologic, family-centered care for infants with neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) related to maternal substance use. It encourages maternal involvement, skin-to-skin contact, rooming-in, and responsive soothing, which have been shown to improve bonding and reduce the need for pharmacologic treatment.