Which of the following are examples of findings a nurse may notice during inspection? (Select all that apply)

Choice A reason: Inspection is the visual examination of the patient. Bruising (ecchymosis) and swelling (edema) are visible alterations in skin integrity and contour. A nurse can observe these findings without physical contact, making them primary examples of data gathered during the initial visual stage of a physical assessment. Choice B reason: Skin color changes, such as cyanosis, jaundice, pallor, or erythema, are identified through careful visual inspection. These changes provide vital clues about oxygenation, hepatic function, and local inflammation. Because these findings are perceived through sight, they are classified strictly under the assessment technique of inspection. Choice C reason: Assessing the symmetry of body parts involves comparing the left and right sides of the body visually. This helps identify unilateral abnormalities, such as muscle atrophy, hemi-paralysis, or localized enlargement. Symmetry is a fundamental observation made during the general survey and localized inspection of any body system. Choice D reason: Respiratory rate and the effort required for breathing (such as the use of accessory muscles or nasal flaring) are assessed primarily through visual observation. By watching the rise and fall of the chest, the nurse gathers objective data on the patient's pulmonary status during the inspection phase. Choice E reason: Tenderness on touch is an assessment finding identified through palpation, not inspection. This requires the nurse to apply pressure to a body part and observe for a response or wait for patient feedback. Since it involves physical contact to elicit a sensation, it is categorized as a palpation finding.