Which of the following are objective assessment findings(s) of the ear? Select all that apply

A. Cerumen (earwax) accumulation is something the nurse can directly observe during inspection of the external auditory canal. Because it is visible and measurable, it is considered an objective finding. B. The condition of the skin around the ear can be directly observed. Dryness and flakiness are visible physical characteristics, making this an objective assessment finding. C. Pain is a subjective symptom, meaning it is reported by the client and cannot be directly measured or observed by the nurse. Even if the nurse elicits pain by palpation, the sensation itself is based on the client’s report, making it subjective. D. Visualization of the cone of light during otoscopic examination is a directly observable physical sign of the tympanic membrane’s condition. This makes it an objective finding. E. Tenderness, like pain, is based on the client’s report during palpation. Although the nurse performs the assessment, the determination of tenderness depends on the client’s perception, making it subjective.