Which of the following are recognized risk factors for developing hypertensive disorders during pregnancy? (Select All that Apply.)

Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy are linked to abnormal placental implantation, endothelial dysfunction, and impaired vascular adaptation, leading to increased systemic vascular resistance, reduced uteroplacental perfusion, and multisystem involvement affecting renal, hepatic, and neurological function. Rationale: A. A previous history of hypertension reflects pre-existing vascular dysfunction and increases risk of superimposed preeclampsia due to impaired endothelial regulation during pregnancy. B. Low physical activity level contributes to obesity, insulin resistance, and impaired vascular function, indirectly increasing risk of gestational hypertension through metabolic and circulatory dysfunction. C. Anemia is not a direct risk factor for hypertensive disorders in pregnancy. It primarily affects oxygen-carrying capacity and is more associated with fetal growth restriction rather than hypertension development. D. Obesity increases inflammatory mediators, insulin resistance, and endothelial dysfunction, all of which contribute to increased vascular resistance and higher risk of hypertensive disorders. E. Age over 35 years is associated with decreased vascular compliance and higher likelihood of chronic endothelial changes, increasing risk of pregnancy-related hypertension. F. High sodium intake promotes fluid retention and increases intravascular volume, contributing to elevated blood pressure and worsening hypertensive states during pregnancy. G. Smoking causes endothelial injury, vasoconstriction, and impaired placental perfusion, increasing the risk of pregnancy-related hypertensive complications. H. Diabetes mellitus contributes to vascular endothelial damage and atherosclerotic changes, increasing susceptibility to hypertensive disorders through chronic metabolic and vascular dysfunction.