Which of the following are the most common manifestations of COPD? (Select all that apply.)

Rationale: A. Chronic cough is correct. A persistent cough, often worse in the mornings, is a hallmark symptom of COPD, particularly in chronic bronchitis. It results from airway inflammation and mucus hypersecretion. B. Sputum production is correct. Patients with COPD frequently produce mucus or phlegm, which contributes to airway obstruction and chronic cough. Sputum production is most prominent in chronic bronchitis but may also occur in emphysema with secondary infections. C. Dyspnea is correct. Progressive shortness of breath, especially on exertion, is a classic symptom of COPD due to airflow limitation and impaired gas exchange. Dyspnea may become more severe over time as the disease progresses. D. Crackles are incorrect. Crackles (rales) are more characteristic of pulmonary edema or pneumonia. In COPD, breath sounds are often diminished, wheezes may be heard, and prolonged expiratory phases are common, but crackles are not a primary manifestation. E. Hypotension is incorrect. Blood pressure is typically normal or elevated in COPD patients, particularly if they have comorbid cardiovascular disease. Hypotension is not a common manifestation of COPD.