Which of the following findings may lead a nurse to suspect spina bifida?

A. High levels of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF): Spina bifida is a neural tube defect involving incomplete closure of the vertebral column rather than abnormal CSF production. Elevated CSF levels are not a defining feature and are not used as a screening indicator. CSF abnormalities are more relevant to hydrocephalus assessment. B. Increased intracranial pressure (ICP): Elevated ICP may occur secondary to associated conditions such as hydrocephalus, but it is not an initial or direct sign of spina bifida. The defect itself is identified by spinal and cutaneous findings. ICP changes develop later if complications arise. C. Indications of infection: Infection is a potential complication if neural tissue is exposed, but it is not an initial indicator prompting suspicion of spina bifida. Early recognition relies on visible spinal or skin markers. Infection suggests a secondary problem rather than the congenital defect. D. Presence of a small dimple and a tuft of hair over the lower lumbar region: Cutaneous stigmata such as a sacral dimple, hair tuft, or discoloration are classic indicators of underlying spinal dysraphism. These findings warrant further evaluation for spina bifida occulta. They are key clues during newborn and infant assessment.