Which of the following is a characteristic of tardive dyskinesia?

Choice A reason: Tardive dyskinesia is characterized by permanent or persistent involuntary movements, such as facial grimacing, tongue protrusion, and limb chorea, due to long-term antipsychotic use affecting dopamine pathways. These movements are often irreversible, making this the correct characteristic. Choice B reason: Muscle rigidity and spasms are associated with acute dystonia or neuroleptic malignant syndrome, not tardive dyskinesia. These are distinct side effects of antipsychotics, involving different neurological mechanisms, making this choice incorrect. Choice C reason: Parkinson’s-like symptoms, such as bradykinesia and tremors, are parkinsonism, a different antipsychotic side effect. Tardive dyskinesia involves choreoathetoid movements, not parkinsonian features, making this choice incorrect for its specific characteristics. Choice D reason: Severe restlessness is akathisia, a separate antipsychotic side effect involving motor restlessness. Tardive dyskinesia involves involuntary, repetitive movements, not subjective restlessness, making this choice incorrect for the condition’s characteristics.