Which of the following objective data are included in nutritional assessment? Select all that apply

Nutritional assessment integrates physical examination findings, biochemical markers, dietary intake, and anthropometric data. Deficiencies or excess states manifest as detectable tissue changes, particularly in integumentary, ocular, and keratinized structures reflecting protein-energy malnutrition and micronutrient imbalance. Malnutrition leads to hypoalbuminemia, causing edema and fragile tissues, while micronutrient deficits such as vitamin A, zinc, and iron produce specific epithelial, ocular, and hair shaft abnormalities with characteristic clinical signs observable on examination. Rationale: A. Eye assessment reveals conjunctival pallor in iron deficiency anemia and Bitot spots in vitamin A deficiency. Xerophthalmia and night blindness are objective indicators of malnutrition. Therefore, ocular findings are essential objective data in nutritional evaluation process clinically. B. Skin assessment demonstrates poor turgor, dermatitis, and delayed wound healing in protein-calorie malnutrition. Dry, scaly skin indicates essential fatty acid or vitamin deficiency states. Thus, skin examination provides direct objective evidence of nutritional status alterations clinically. C. Ear assessment is not a standard component of nutritional status evaluation. External ear morphology does not reliably reflect micronutrient or protein-energy deficiencies. Therefore, this finding lacks diagnostic value in objective nutritional assessment protocols and is not routinely included clinically. D. Hair assessment shows alopecia, brittle texture, and color changes in protein, zinc, or biotin deficiency states. Hair shaft abnormalities reflect chronic nutritional insufficiency. Therefore, hair examination is an important objective indicator of long-term nutritional status changes clinically detected evaluation.