Which of the following statements about internal radiation therapy (brachytherapy) are accurate? Select All that Apply

Internal radiation therapy, also called brachytherapy, involves placing a radioactive source inside or very close to the tumor site to deliver high-dose radiation directly to malignant cells. This method helps minimize damage to surrounding healthy tissues while providing effective local tumor control. It is commonly used for cancers such as cervical, prostate, breast, and head and neck cancers. Nursing care focuses heavily on radiation safety precautions for the client, visitors, and healthcare staff. Rationale: A. Brachytherapy is not limited to tumors of the prostate gland only. Although prostate cancer is a common indication, it is also widely used in cervical, uterine, vaginal, breast, esophageal, and head and neck cancers. The treatment is selected based on tumor location and the ability to place the radioactive source near the lesion. Therefore, restricting it only to prostate tumors is inaccurate. B. Limited visitation is required because the client may temporarily emit radiation depending on the type of implant used. To reduce unnecessary radiation exposure, visits are usually brief and visitors are instructed to remain at a safe distance from the client. Hospitals also often restrict visits by pregnant individuals and young children due to their increased sensitivity to radiation exposure. C. Body fluids may be contaminated with radiation, especially with unsealed internal radiation sources where the radioactive substance is given orally, intravenously, or instilled into a body cavity. Urine, stool, vomitus, and other secretions may require special handling to prevent exposure. Nurses must follow strict precautions when disposing of contaminated materials and performing hygiene care. D. The client may emit radiation for a short time after treatment, particularly when a sealed radioactive implant remains in place temporarily. During this period, radiation precautions such as private room placement, limited staff exposure time, and shielding may be necessary. Once the source is removed or radioactivity decreases sufficiently, the emission risk is reduced. E. The client cannot safely remain in close proximity to pregnant individuals and children during active brachytherapy treatment. These groups are more vulnerable to the harmful effects of radiation because of rapidly dividing cells and fetal sensitivity. Exposure should be minimized by restricting visits and maintaining appropriate distance until radiation precautions are no longer required.