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    Pharmacology proctored exam(examplify grand canyon university)
    Select All That Apply

    Which of the two following medication classes are useful in the treatment of fibromyalgia?

    Explanation & Rationale

    A. Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCA): TCAs, such as amitriptyline, are effective in fibromyalgia by modulating serotonin and norepinephrine levels, which enhance descending pain inhibition. They also improve sleep quality, reduce fatigue, and decrease pain perception in affected patients. B. Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRI): SNRIs, like duloxetine and milnacipran, increase serotonin and norepinephrine in the CNS, which helps modulate pain pathways. They are FDA-approved for fibromyalgia and have demonstrated efficacy in reducing pain, improving mood, and enhancing overall function. C. Bisphosphonates: Bisphosphonates are indicated for osteoporosis and bone-related disorders. They do not address the central sensitization or musculoskeletal pain mechanisms involved in fibromyalgia. D. Anticholinergics: Anticholinergic medications primarily affect parasympathetic activity and are not effective in treating fibromyalgia. They do not modulate the neurotransmitter pathways responsible for pain perception or fibromyalgia symptoms.

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