Which statements are true about an infant's neurologic status? Select all that apply.

A. A positive Babinski (fanning of the toes) is a normal reflex at birth: This reflex is expected in neonates because the corticospinal tracts are not yet fully myelinated. Dorsiflexion of the hallux and fanning of the other digits occurs in response to stroking the plantar surface. Its presence is normal until approximately 24 months of age. B. The newborn's rooting and sucking reflexes help the baby feed: These primitive survival reflexes allow the infant to locate the nipple and initiate the mechanical process of ingestion. They are essential for early nutritional intake and are coordinated by the brainstem. These reflexes typically disappear as voluntary feeding behaviors develop later in infancy. C. The newborn who suddenly extends his arms in the air when he hears a loud noise is displaying the Moro reflex: This involuntary startle response involves symmetrical abduction and extension of the arms, followed by adduction and crying. It is a key indicator of intact vestibular and motor systems in the neonate. Asymmetry in this reflex may suggest a clavicular fracture or brachial plexus injury. D. An infant will learn to sit up before he learns to roll over: Motor development follows a cephalocaudal and proximodistal pattern where rolling over (trunk control) typically precedes independent sitting. Rolling usually occurs between 2 and 5 months, whereas stable sitting occurs around 6 to 7 months. This choice incorrectly reverses the standard sequence of motor milestones. E. Head lag beyond 4 months may indicate brain damage: By 4 months, an infant should demonstrate sufficient neck muscle strength to hold the head in line with the trunk when pulled to a sitting position. Persistent head lag is a significant developmental "red flag" for motor delay. It may indicate cerebral palsy or other underlying neurological impairments.