Choice A reason: Aging leads to a diminished cough reflex due to reduced sensitivity of airway receptors and weakened respiratory muscles. This increases the risk of aspiration and respiratory infections in older adults. Choice B reason: Systolic blood pressure typically increases with age due to arterial stiffening and reduced elasticity of blood vessels. Therefore, decreased systolic pressure is not an expected change. Choice C reason: Bladder capacity decreases with age due to changes in detrusor muscle function and reduced bladder elasticity. This contributes to increased urinary frequency and urgency. Choice D reason: Older adults often experience increased sensitivity to glare due to changes in the lens and pupil, which reduce the eye’s ability to adapt to varying light conditions. This impairs visual acuity, especially in bright environments. Choice E reason: Intervertebral discs lose hydration and elasticity with age, leading to decreased disc height and contributing to reduced spinal flexibility and stature.